Free Essays on Claudius

Claudius Claudius is the opponent in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, and is the fundamental power neutralizing Prince Hamlet, the hero. Claudius is the sibling of the late King Hamlet who he has murdered and afterward wedded his bereaved spouse, Gertrude. Hamlet’s late dad, King Hamlet was the ruler of Elsinore, however now Claudius has both the crown and the sovereign, and this doesn't agree with Prince Hamlet. Toward the start of the play Hamlet is visited by the phantom of King Hamlet and is informed that Claudius is liable for the King’s demise and that Hamlet needs to retaliate for his father’s murder. Claudius detects his stepson’s disappointment with the circumstance and attempts to have Hamlet executed before Hamlet gets the opportunity to seek retribution for his father’s murder. Amidst dreading Hamlet and managing his own still, small voice Claudius must seem solid and certain about the eyes of his kin. The Prince Italian political scholar Nicolo Machiavelli expressed that the most grounded pioneers are the ones who can cautiously adjust appearances to his advantage, deliberately utilizing them to fortify his system. Claudius does for sure show up from the start as a perfect Machiavellian pioneer. Be that as it may, as the play creates Claudius loses his poise, to a great extent because of his anxiety over the likely danger of Hamlet. Claudius cleverly underscores the differentiation between his marriage and Hamlet’s passing, utilizing expressions, for example, â€Å"defeated joy† and â€Å"with a promising and dropping eye.† These deliberately picked comments make Claudius speaking to the well known assessment by recalling his famous sibling, and then again, with his festival of his marriage, the King demonstrates that he is prepared to proceed onward and assault his new job with energy. Claudius further builds up himself as a pioneer by making quick and unequi vocal move. At the point when confronted with the danger of Fortinbras, Claudius takes quick political measures, sending Cornelius and Voltemand... Free Essays on Claudius Free Essays on Claudius Claudius Claudius is the enemy in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, and is the principle power neutralizing Prince Hamlet, the hero. Claudius is the sibling of the late King Hamlet who he has slaughtered and afterward wedded his bereaved spouse, Gertrude. Hamlet’s late dad, King Hamlet was the ruler of Elsinore, yet now Claudius has both the crown and the sovereign, and this doesn't agree with Prince Hamlet. Toward the start of the play Hamlet is visited by the phantom of King Hamlet and is informed that Claudius is liable for the King’s passing and that Hamlet needs to vindicate his father’s murder. Claudius detects his stepson’s disappointment with the circumstance and attempts to have Hamlet slaughtered before Hamlet gets the opportunity to seek retribution for his father’s murder. Amidst dreading Hamlet and managing his own still, small voice Claudius must seem solid and positive about the eyes of his kin. The Prince Italian political scholar Nicolo Machiavelli expressed that the most grounded pioneers are the ones who can cautiously adjust appearances to his advantage, deliberately utilizing them to fortify his system. Claudius does in reality show up from the start as a perfect Machiavellian pioneer. Be that as it may, as the play creates Claudius loses his poise, generally because of his anxiety over the possible danger of Hamlet. Claudius keenly accentuates the complexity between his marriage and Hamlet’s passing, utilizing expressions, for example, â€Å"defeated joy† and â€Å"with a propitious and dropping eye.† These painstakingly picked comments make Claudius speaking to the famous estimation by recalling his well known sibling, and then again, with his festival of his marriage, the King demonstrates that he is prepared to proceed onward and assault his new job with life. Claudius further builds up himself as a pioneer by making quick and definitive move. At the point when confronted with the danger of Fortinbras, Claudius takes quick conciliatory measures, sending Cornelius and Voltemand...

Life in the Slums Essay Example for Free

Life in the Slums Essay Life In The Slums Plan Introduction: Life is extreme living in the ghettos, yet Im accustomed to it now so its not as hard as it was the point at which we initially moved here. Particularly considering we were seeking gone to the city for a superior way of life, and to have a superior possibility for my folks to find a new line of work, and for my kin and I to go to class. My name is Anikal and Im 13, I have 3 more seasoned siblings, and one more youthful sister. Para 1: day to day environments and cleanliness and populace thickness Moved to Mumbai 4 years prior searching for a superior life-wound up in ghettos It is fundamentally a tip where we live Its so swarmed 56% of living arrangements have at least 3 individuals living in a solitary room Its so filthy, it smells (in spite of the fact that we are utilized to it now) Individuals emptying their dishes in the avenues 5 million inhabitants dont approach toilets We dont have showers we need to discover little pools to wipe off in-theyre for the most part filthy water It is an intense life to become acclimated to-nothing is simple We were playing cricket on a major stretch of cement and the police came pursuing us-we needed to run and weave through the ghettos Para 2: work and work openings and school and misuse of youngsters We initially moved to the city for the reasons of work and tutoring My kin and I get the chance to go to class two times every week as that is everything we can bear the cost of We all need to work to get enough cash for our family to eat, and to go to class It can be extreme work a ton of the ideal opportunity for little measures of cash We are moving in the direction of beginning a business selling stuff-we arent sure what yet There arent numerous open doors in the ghettos for work, so you need to take anything you can get We thought there would be a ton of chances in Mumbai There are in the primary city, yet not many in the ghettos We need to circumvent inquiring as to whether theres anything we can accomplish for them to win a tad of cash We dont get the opportunity to save that cash for ourselves, we offer it to mum and father, and they use it for all the things we need Para 3: structures and structures and foundation and police and security There are such huge numbers of structures in a little region in our ghetto Over a large portion of the populace lives on 12% of the land At the point when you are strolling around there is just a little hole for daylight to get past All the structures are correct together and the rooftops hang over the pathway on the off chance that you can even consider it a trail There are a few structures that are more than one story, yet they arent alright For certain individuals it doesnt matter how risky it is, they simply need some place to live The security isnt all that incredible in the ghettos The police are kind of against us, at whatever point we go places we arent expected to theyre straight onto us and will pursue us for a long time With individuals in the fundamental city, they will amenably reprimand them, however us, straight into a full pursue. Our home is inadequate At the point when it rains heavily it once in a while spill We have barely any entrance to emergency clinics and clinical consideration End: Life in the ghettos is extreme. We moved to the city with the goal of beginning new, and having more chances yet we wound up in the ghettos. Weve been here for a long time and its been hard. Im accustomed to it now however. It is unhygienic and stuffed. The populace thickness is crazy. Its been a hard run as far as work and school, we just get little instruction, and dont have an occupation, we simply need to give assistance a shot with same work for some cash. There are such huge numbers of structures in such a little zone, and we dont have any security, and the police are simply out to discover us doing an inappropriate thing. Our home is extremely little and soft, however its the life Im now used to, in any case, its how it is. Article Life is extreme living in the ghettos, yet Im accustomed to it now so its not as hard as it was the point at which we previously moved here. Particularly considering we were seeking gone to the city for a superior way of life, a possibility for my folks to find a new line of work, and for my kin and I to get training. My name is Anikal, Im 13, I have 3 more established siblings, and one more youthful sister. Im live in the ghettos of Mumbai. My family and I moved to Mumbai searching for a superior way of life, yet wound up in the ghettos before long. It is fundamentally similar to a tip where we live, its horrible. It is so packed, individuals all over the place, and in 56% of the homes there are at least three individuals living in only one room! It is all so grimy, and smells (in spite of the fact that we are utilized to the smell now). Individuals simply go to the latrine in the roads, 5 million individuals dont approach toilets, and in Dharavi there is one can per 1440 individuals. We dont approach showers-very few individuals do, yet we need to utilize the water we have, or discover pools of water we can wipe off in. Its an extreme life to become acclimated to in the ghettos, nothing comes simple. We were simply playing cricket out the rear of the ghettos on the solid on somebody elses land, yet nobody was there, we werent influencing anybody, and the police just pursued us on motorbikes with sticks and all, and we needed to run once again into the ghettos, on the rooftops attempting to escape. We in the end escaped then ran back the other way passed them on the rooftop, we saw them however the hole in the middle of two houses. We initially moved to the city of Mumbai looking for better work and tutoring openings. My kin and I just get the chance to go to class two times every week, and get little training as that is everything we can bear the cost of on our exceptionally little spending plan. My entire family needs to fill in as much as possible helping individuals out, accomplishing laboring work just to get enough cash for the things we need. We are moving in the direction of attempting to fire up our own independent venture, and ideally then have a consistent salary that we can live off. There arent numerous open doors in the ghettos of Mumbai, so we need to take any work we can get. There are numerous chances if youre in the principle part of Mumbai, however sadly were in the ghettos. My kin and I dont get any pocket cash, any cash we go out and procure goes directly to our folks so that they can purchase all the things we need, similar to food. There are such huge numbers of structures and different structures in our little territory of the ghettos. It is stuffed, over portion of the populace lives on just 12% of the land. At the point when you are strolling around through the ghettos, there is just a little hole for any daylight to get past between the tops of structures, over the trails in the event that you can even consider it a pathway. There are a few structures in our ghetto that are more than one story, they arent safe however, yet for certain individuals, that is their solitary choice. We dont truly have any security in our ghettos, and the police are simply out to get us, at whatever point we are doing anything incorrectly, even the littlest thing that would ordinarily simply be an admonition for other people, they pursue every one of us through our ghettos attempting to get us. Theyre only continually out to get us. Our home is exceptionally unacceptable, its simply like a little cabin, with two rooms that were t otally crushed into. When there is heavy downpour it can once in a while get in, however its normally quite great. We have barely any entrance to any kind of clinical consideration, and medical clinics, so when we become ill or harmed, we simply need to trust its not all that terrible and that we can traverse and come out better in time. Life in the ghettos is intense. We moved to the city with the expectation of beginning new, and having more chances yet we wound up in the ghettos. Weve been here for a long time and its been hard. Im accustomed to it now however. It is unhygienic and stuffed. The populace thickness is ludicrous. Its been a hard run as far as work and school, we just get little training, and dont have a vocation, we simply need to give assistance a shot with same work for some cash. There are such a large number of structures in such a little territory, and we dont have any security, and the police are simply out to find us doing an inappropriate thing. Our home is little and soft, however its the life Im now used to, regardless, its how it is. Reference index: Everyday environments in the ghettos. Sites.google. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. . Marotta, Stephen. Ghettos mumbaiindias jimdo page!. Presentation mumbaiindias jimdo page!. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Aug. 2013. . Slumdog tycoon. Dir. Danny Boyle. Perf. Jamal Malik. twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2009. DVD. hallam, james. Dharavi Wikipedia, the free reference book. Wikipedia, the free reference book. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Aug. 2013. .

Excellent Platforms for Building Mobile Apps

Excellent Platforms for Building Mobile Apps Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Excellent Platforms for Building Mobile AppsUpdated On 22/01/2020Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2TIfAnv CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIf you have been inspired by real casino online south Africa games to have the drive to build an app of your own this is the right place for you.Sometimes the fear of coding can actually push you not to act on creating your own app. You might be someone who have the real potential to build the best software but you might be lacking somethings. Either its courage or you don’t have the tools to do it.The good news is that it is very easy to enter in the mobile app market. There is no coding knowledge that you will need.Whether the mobile app is for business, product or blog app creation software are available and very easy to use.Below are some of the app building platforms you can use to come up with the best mobile app.Appery.ioAppery is a popular cloud-based mobile app builder. You can use this to create variety of apps for both Android devices and iOS. This include Apache Cordova (Phone Gap), lonic and jQuery Mobile as well as the access to its built-in components.This app builder run in the cloud that simply means there is nothing you can install or download. In addition, it is very easy to get started with this good looking and easy app.READSeven Handy Tools for Everyday Office FixesGood BarberThere is no way you can list mobile app building and leave out Good Barber. This builder provide a good platform to build iPhone as well as Android app as well such as blackjack online app. This also comes with optimised web applications.For any platform you are able to control each and every detail of the application. You can do this by not writing even a single line of code.As if this is not enough Good Barber comes with highly customizable design templates that will then help you to g et started. They also come with some good-looking icons and you will have access to Google Fonts.

How to Make a Lichtenberg Figure

Lichtenberg figures are branching structures formed by an electrical discharge on or inside of an insulator. The structures take their name from Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, the physicist who discovered and studied them. Although you can  make your own Lichtenberg figure using polyethylene sheets and talcum powder, there is an easier method you may wish to try. Lichtenberg Figure Materials Sharp metal object (e.g., awl)Insulator (e.g., sheet of acrylic)Photocopier toner Make a Lichtenberg Figure Position the metal object so that only its tip is touching the surface of the insulator.If you have a Wimshurst machine or Van de Graaff generator handy, discharge it through the metal point into the acrylic. (Gray Matter has a cool video of what happens if you use a particle accelerator to create the Lichtenberg figure. Note that the hammer is insulated, thus preventing that persons skin from displaying a Lichtenberg figure. Be careful!)If you dont have a machine, youll have to generate static electricity another way, like by dragging your feet through a shag carpet and zapping yourself on the metal object... fun!In either case, you will create a Lichtenberg figure across the surface of the acrylic, radiating outward from the metal point. However, you probably wont be able to see it. If you (carefully) blow toner powder across the surface of the acrylic, the Lichtenberg figure will be revealed.

Research Paper Are Hybrid Cars Really Head and Shoulders above the Usual Ones

Research Paper: Are Hybrid Cars Really Head and Shoulders above the Usual Ones? Hybrid cars, which have a combined electric and petrol engine, are reported to grant their owners whopping advantages. Their advertising campaigns attract those people, who are preoccupied about the state of the environment and those who want to save the money on petrol. But do the hybrid cars live up to our expectations based on the catchy promotional slogans? Firstly, the hybrid cars are claimed to be a much more economical alternative to the usual gasoline-powered cars. Hybrid cars’ manufacturers focus our attention on such a feature as ‘regenerative braking’ that means that either fuel or electrical power can function by itself or in conjunction, depending on which one is stronger at a particular moment. To put it simply, they complement each other. However, the experiments have shown that the difference in the gasoline consumption between hybrid and ordinary cars is not outstanding. Yet the prices for hybrid cars tend to sting. Although people opting for hybrid cars will be able to save money as the petrol prices rise, the sum will be overwhelmed by the increased cost of the car. The second hyped advantage of the hybrid cars is that they effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Sadly enough, the claim does not stand up to scrutiny either. The experiments have demonstrated that many so-called ‘green carsâ⠂¬â„¢ do not live up to their manufacturer’s promises and actually substantially exceed the level of carbon emissions initially specified by their manufacturing company. On balance, it appears that a large number of

An Ethical and Global Analysis of Software Offshore...

An Ethical and Global Analysis of Software Offshore Outsourcing Introduction Before acquiring its current negative connotation, outsourcing referred to the practice of turning over parts of a business to a company that specialized in that activity. For instance, Cisco Systems, Brocade Communications, and other leading original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) outsource their manufacturing to Solectron Corporation, where I was a summer intern. By partnering with Solectron, OEMs can gain access to the latest equipment, process knowledge, and manufacturing expertise without making substantial capital investments. In essence, outsourcing to Solectron enables OEMs to focus on their core competencies of research and development and sales†¦show more content†¦Now, skilled workers are finding that education isnt enough, not when an Indian worker is just as educated and is willing to do the same job for a fraction of the pay. A microchip designer or financial analyst makes $7,000 a month in the United States. The same worker in India earns $1,000 a month.1 Sign ificant cost savings, gaining access to skills not found elsewhere, and providing access to a new market all contribute to the popularity of offshore outsourcing. Nonetheless, if software outsourcing continues, those with less-creative software jobs who update antiquated code, fix bugs, and perform routine programming tasks2 should prepare themselves for career upheaval. Meanwhile, in India†¦ 3 The thousands of technically astute, English-speaking graduates of India’s elite universities are riding America’s outsourcing wave. Blue-Chip companies IBM, Oracle, and Intel have already established a presence in India, as have promising start-ups. India increasingly is landing high-skilled, highly paid positions for engineers, accountants and financial analysts formerly employed in the United States. West Palm Beach-based Ocwen Financial Corp. offers a case study in how companies are cashing in on Indias allure. Seeking to cut labor costs, Ocwen has hired hundreds of workers during the past two years in India, where skilled workers are plentiful and wages are low. Ocwen, which once had nearly 1,000 employees at its Palm Beach LakesShow MoreRelatedCross-Cultural Perspectives: Evaluating the Ethical and Social Responsibility of Software Outsourcing at Oracle1116 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluating the Ethical and Social Responsibility of Software Outsourcing at Oracle Introduction The ethicacy and social responsibility involved with the development of an effective software outsourcing strategy is a dilemma many American software companies are facing today. 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Economically, India is thriving with GDP growth accelerating exponentially including having the potential to achieve double-digit growth.1 Meanwhile, in the United States, the numbers relating to developer jobs are quite the opposite. Most figures suggest that by 2015, roughly 3.3 million business-processing jobs will have moved abroad. As of July 2003, around 400,000Read MoreEssay Global Workforce Integration3886 Words   |  16 PagesGlobal Workforce Integration Outsourcing, offshoring, and workforce globalization. Those words were voiced late 1999 in Seattle inside and outside the World Trade Organization meeting. Damages in Seattle amounted to $2.5 million, and 500 plus protesters were arrested. 3 In those days, outsourcing was about moving manufacturing jobs to developing countries to take advantage of the lower salary there. 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Business Intelligence and Analytics and Performance Management

Question: Discuss about the Business Intelligence and Analytics and Performance Management. Answer: Introduction There is a significant relationship between the performance management and business intelligence. This relationship will be established through different aspect of performance management role in a business functions. The next part of the essay will analyse the different aspect of performance analytics. This next hypothesis will take into account, different relevant factor of performance measure in an organisation that leads to necessity of measuring them. The key performance indicators are to create the portfolio of the businesss strategical improvement (Bronzo et al. 2013). The objectives, mission and values are the focus point of creating business intelligence, which leads to business analytics. For the betterment and increasing, the effectiveness of the decision-making business intelligence and analytics is needed. Both of this aspect is complement of each other. Integrating business analytics with performance calculations have become necessary to build the necessary outcome of th e process. It also enables top-level management to verify the data that supports the decision (Hazen et al. 2014). Discussion: The relationship between business intelligent and business performance management Performance management may lead to consistency in efficient and effective management. The process is to align the enterprise strategically align the objectives and priorities. A better decision making can be backed by the knowledge of their business. Performance can be managed by different metrics known as key performance indicators. Thus, the improvements can be measurable adding the values in the indicators. The cycle is to measure, the performance is planning, progress review and evaluation (George et al. 2014). Business intelligence is deriving the concepts with the business decision making and fact based support system. Converting the raw data got from different sources to information that can be used in future are the basic steps of business intelligence. Thus, the information is used in intelligence and used in the reporting department. Whereas business analytics is evidently based in building mathematical models through statistical analysis and predicting the future based on the historic data. Business intelligence helps in reporting the data based on the predictive model based on interrelationships of the variables identified (Hazen et al. 2014). In this case, the identified variables are the different metrics of performance indicators. The evidence based decision-making and reporting on the outcome of the performance is known as the performance analysis. Business analysis is used in every kind of business. The function where it is necessary are customer acquisition and customer loyalty, cross and up selling, insurance rate setting and others, risk in fraudulent. Performance management and business intelligence complements each other. The correlations are shown on the strategic dashboards with periodic intervals. The predictive models of performance management, after feeding data gives output on the scales and measure the outliers in their performance. The periodical data can also be compared with respect to improvement in the performances regard. Performance management is a departmental function of human resource management. The key are of performance indicators are performance appraisals, compensation and their implementati ons and evaluation. Relevant performance information is necessary for better decision making (Waller and Fawcett 2013). The integrated software solutions for the support to decision making are CPM (corporate Performance Indicators) or EPM (Enterprise Performance Management). Oracle Big data are being used by the Pepsico, IBM, PG, Ford, Dell. The most important part where it is being used are in enhancing the customer relationship management (George et al. 2014). The Business Performance management area where BI can be included are balance score cards, quality management, and comparison between previous and current data. The measurable aspects of a balance scorecard are measure quality of execution on periodic basis and dashboards includes visual display of BI implementation through graphs and lights (Waller and Fawcett 2013). This may be system generated and can reflect the result on real time information at a glance. The top down approach in management balance scorecard combines the vision of ultimate goal by monitoring key metrics of the financial information and growth, customer interaction and business process and operational effectiveness The variables of that are calculated to gauge the customer satisfaction are Customers experience Loyalty Customer satisfaction Trend in visits and buying rate On a financial perspective, the balance scorecard contains the following balancing units for measure Revenue growth - Shareholder value which are divide in two that are building franchise and customers value Productivity growth strategy that can be build to improve cost and asset structure The benefits of BSC are, it drives to enhance strategy using all the components measured in BSC dashboards. The building blocks of the framework are given emphasis in terms getting the result. This also takes into consideration about different level of scores and integrates them for quick and visual prediction on data (Walle and Fawcett 2013). Managing the quality of the operations and continuously improving the performance is done through six-sigma scorecard. Main criteria of measuring the performance are to driving for excellence through effectiveness of operations. Thus, the performances are managed on financial perspectives. Increasing the market share and sales volume is also part of business intelligence process. Business analytics comes after business intelligence, as data needs to be gathered on the above-mentioned aspects are and then information will be processed. The performance indicators metrics are decided based on the functions that they belong to (Rausch et al. 2013). Relevance of business analytics in business performance management as well as performance analytics Managers face problems in categorising the competitive advantage. Affectively using the business analytics can help in decision-making. The visualisation of the performance metrics generalises the outcome and facilitate the decision-making capability of the managers. Considering the internal and external output of the environment can lead to betterment of the outcome. A strategic business decision making helps in drawing conclusion, identify, and implement the alignment of the strategic goals. The direction of the goals is directed towards the desired performance standards. Business analytics identifies the efficient way of decision-making variables. The forecasting of sales and demand as well as analysing the trends of the marketing, consumer behaviour gives valid insights in the problem-solving path (Kasemsap 2015). Forecasting and predicting based on the variable on performance level are implemented in the organisation. However, the down turn of the predicting based on the histori cal data have some drawbacks but at the same time, it gives approximately close value of the variables. Transforming the data by using the business intelligence tools like data warehousing tools, reporting and dashboards and analytics tools are is initial stage and output are measured by the business performance management models and dimension. Aligning the business objectives of the company with the business process and creating BI portfolio map are used in approaching the objective (George et al. 2014). The prospect of using analytics in planning, forecasting, budgeting to assess the soundness of the performance is very important. To check trends, identify relationships analytics is needed. The prescriptive data regarding any performance indicators like key performance drivers are identified in the first essay are balance scorecard, total quality management and customer relationship management. These ones use the business analysis of to achieve the ultimate goals. The performance analytics is used in finding the meaning in the data that can help in forming decisions. Creating a novel insight from statistical analysis of the dataset helps in embracing the possibilities that could not have been identified in a manual analysis. Executive level of business analysis of optimises the business process which serves as a asset to companies which are data driven (Kasemsap 2015). Performance analytics uses the indicators, targets and threshold decided by the administrators. The power user here uses the system configuration data on collection of jobs as well as in data modification layer. Performance analytics target administrator is in position of formulating dashboards and scorecards. The analytics viewer is the one that views the dashboards based on assigned rights. The access control breaks-down the elements of security from the source. The relevancy of the Performance Analytics lies in the six-divided part of the performance overview. The dashboards, scorecards, widgets, indicators, data collector, automation, system. The dashboard of performance contains the property and to view points. The scorecards are to break down performance type of the indicators. The indicators are manual or automated which gauge the relevant updates of the score sheets (Laursen and Thorlund 2016). Targets and threshold are the elements reporting and alerting about the score of t he performance after breaking it down to view and analyse it. The most essential part of performance analytics are the data collector phase. Creating and running schedule jobs to collect scores periodically. To view information the job logs are searched for different information (Stefanovic 2014). The reason behind the failure of strategic improvement is the lack of getting meaningful clue of the data gathered. Thus, business analytics helps enabling the manager to draw proper conclusion of the inputs of the business. The performance management helps in targeting specific part of the organisation to implement analytics with holistic approach. The factors discussed above are foundation of the variables that are required to assess the performance. As companies is complex part of societies. The interdependency factor that works in them is also complex in nature (Phillips-Wren et al. 2015). Therefore, creating a link between the organisational strategy and performance has become necessary for the organisations. Thus, the data driven outcomes becomes most reliable part for the managers to make decision. Overload of data leads to limit the processing the data capabilities. The performance investigation is includes more variables that indicates the success factor of the individuals. Therefore, it can be said that the affective decision-making is enhanced by several level of business analytics and business intelligence (Hazen et al. 2014). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that Business Intelligence and Business Analytics has become essential for organisations who are looking for While taking into consideration the internal and external factors of environment in organisation integration of business analytics with the performance drivers also helps in management action and control system. Due to individualisation and globalisation of business environment, the dire need of business analytics has increased. Considering the factors of performance drivers also equips the managers with implementing the best outcome of taken actions in the business process. Benefits of business analytics can be reaped if chosen strategically. The necessity of the proper internal and external environment can be used in terms of implementation of analytics in business environment. Business analytics enables administration to take affective and rationale decision making based on historical data. However, its affective implementation requires suppor tive organizational culture, stakeholder awareness and support from top-level management. Therefore, careful contemplation is required to develop the benefits associated with business analytics and addressing hindrances associated with its performance. References Agarwal, R. and Dhar, V., 2014. Big data, data science, and analytics: The opportunity and challenge for IS research. Bronzo, M., de Resende, P.T.V., de Oliveira, M.P.V., McCormack, K.P., de Sousa, P.R. and Ferreira, R.L., 2013. Improving performance aligning business analytics with process orientation.International Journal of information management,33(2), pp.300-307. George, G., Haas, M.R. and Pentland, A., 2014. Big data and management.Academy of Management Journal,57(2), pp.321-326. Hazen, B.T., Boone, C.A., Ezell, J.D. and Jones-Farmer, L.A., 2014. Data quality for data science, predictive analytics, and big data in supply chain management: An introduction to the problem and suggestions for research and applications.International Journal of Production Economics,154, pp.72-80. Holsapple, C., Lee-Post, A. and Pakath, R., 2014. A unified foundation for business analytics.Decision Support Systems,64, pp.130-141. Kasemsap, K., 2015. The role of business analytics in performance management.Handbook of research on organizational transformations through big data analytics, pp.126-145. Kwon, O., Lee, N. and Shin, B., 2014. Data quality management, data usage experience and acquisition intention of big data analytics.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), pp.387-394. Laursen, G.H. and Thorlund, J., 2016.Business analytics for managers: Taking business intelligence beyond reporting. John Wiley Sons. Phillips-Wren, G.E., Iyer, L.S., Kulkarni, U.R. and Ariyachandra, T., 2015. Business Analytics in the Context of Big Data: A Roadmap for Research.CAIS,37, p.23. Rausch, P., Sheta, A.F. and Ayesh, A. eds., 2013.Business intelligence and performance management: theory, systems and industrial applications. Springer Science Business Media. Stefanovic, N., 2014. Proactive supply chain performance management with predictive analytics.The Scientific World Journal,2014. Waller, M.A. and Fawcett, S.E., 2013. Data science, predictive analytics, and big data: a revolution that will transform supply chain design and management.Journal of Business Logistics,34(2), pp.77-84. Wamba, S.F., Akter, S., Edwards, A., Chopin, G. and Gnanzou, D., 2015. How big datacan make big impact: Findings from a systematic review and a longitudinal case study.International Journal of Production Economics,165, pp.234-246.

Cape Mob 2013 Syllabus free essay sample

Subjects examined under CAPE, may be studied concurrently or singly. The Caribbean Examinations Council offers three types of certification. The first is the award of a certificate showing each CAPE Unit completed. The second is the CAPE Diploma, awarded to candidates who have satisfactorily completed at least six Units including Caribbean Studies. The third is the CXC Associate Degree, awarded for the satisfactory completion of a prescribed cluster of seven CAPE Units including Caribbean Studies and Communication Studies. For the CAPE Diploma and the CXC Associate Degree, candidates must complete the cluster of required Units within a maximum period of five years. Recognised educational institutions presenting candidates for CXC Associate Degree in one of the nine categories must, on registering these candidates at the start of the qualifying year, have them confirm in the required form, the Associate Degree they wish to be awarded. Candidates will not be awarded any possible alternatives for which they did not apply. We will write a custom essay sample on Cape Mob 2013 Syllabus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page CXC A24/U2/12 i Management of Business Syllabus ? RATIONALE T he dynamic environment within which businesses operate today present both challenges and opportunities for business leaders. The growth in economic and social needs in most economies also constitutes another area of great challenge. As students proceed beyond the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) level, in pursuit of their career goals, they must be cognisant of the changing socio-economic climate within which modern businesses operate. Management of Business students must understand the principles that govern the human and operational interactions within a business, and must be aware of how a business operates within a society. Moreover, it is imperative that students possess a comprehensive understanding of the markets in the region in addition to knowledge of the global marketplace. The CAPE Management of Business syllabus provides opportunities for students to develop the required knowledge and understanding of management principles and practices. The syllabus also provides students with the requisite skills required to address managerial problems and the challenges faced by businesses. In addition, the syllabus seeks to inculcate tenets of the Ideal Caribbean. Students are therefore encouraged to adopt appropriate and acceptable attitudes, values and ethical practices related to business activities. These skills will enable students to function not only in existing business organisations, but also as successful entrepreneurs. Additionally, the syllabus provides a good foundation for further study of Management of Business and other related disciplines at the tertiary level. The syllabus aims to: 1. develop an understanding of the integrated nature of business organisations and the environment in which they operate; develop an awareness of how global issues impact the development of business organisations with special reference to the Caribbean; provide basic information on principles, legal issues, and practices of modern management with special reference to the Caribbean; develop critical thinking skills that involve analysis, problem solving; evaluation, decision making and 2. 3. 4. CXC A24/U2/12 Engage class in discussions and debates on types of business organisations to enable students to recognise advantages and disadvantages of one business organisation over another. Assign different students to listen to business news (both regional and international) and make an oral presentation to the class to sensitise students to local and regional developments. Use newspaper clippings on business news for class discussions and students’ journals (online journals, blogs). Factors influencing distribution decisions. Types of distribution channels (including direct, indirect). Introduction to logistics strategy. Types of distribution strategies (intensive, selective, exclusive). 8. Promotion Strategy (a) (b) Objectives of promotion. Tools of promotion and their relative advantages: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) advertising; personal selling; sales promotion; publicity. 10. Internet Marketing (a) (b) (c) (d) Development of Internet marketing. Opportunities created by Internet marketing. Challenges posed by Internet marketing. Importance of e-commerce to business organisations. CXC A24/U2/12 31 UNIT 2 MODULE 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKETING (cont’d) Suggested Teaching and Learning Activities To facilitate students’ attainment of the objectives in Module 2, teachers are advised to engage students in the teaching and learning activities listed below. 1. 2. 3. Engage students in simulated case studies related to marketing. Engage students in group projects to foster teamwork. Encourage students to participate in panel discussion on marketing issues conducted by external resource persons. CXC A24/U2/12 32 UNIT 2 MODULE 3: SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT GENERAL OBJECTIVES On completion of this Module, students should: 1. 2. appreciate the nature of entrepreneurship; develop an awareness of the characteristics of small business management. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Students should be able to: 1. 2. explain the nature and characteristics of entrepreneurship; explain the relationship between business organisations and the economic system in which they operate; assess the criteria for measuring size and growth of business; assess the challenges and opportunities faced by small businesses; describe the types of assistance agencies offer to small businesses; develop a business plan. 3. 4. 5. 6. CONTENT 1. The Nature and Characteristics of Entrepreneurship (a) (b) (c) (d) Definition of entrepreneurship. Corporate Entrepreneurship (intrapreneurship). Social Entrepreneurship. Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. 2. Business and Economic Systems (a) (b) Economic systems in which businesses operate (free economy, mixed economy, planned economy). The impact of the economic system on business decision-making. CXC A24/U2/12 33 UNIT 2 MODULE 3: SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (cont’d) 3. Size and Growth of Business (a) Criteria for measuring size and growth: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (b) output; labour force; market share; capital structure. Advantages and disadvantages of small firms vs. large firms: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) size and financial requirements; the economies of scale; strategies for growth; management and control; lack of record keeping; working capital deficiencies; poor management skills; regulation and Legislation. 4. Major Challenges and Opportunities faced by Small Businesses including (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Identifying successful business opportunities. Sourcing capital (finance). Selection of business types (sole trader, partnership, company). Determining a location. Globalisation and trade liberalisation. E-commerce. Intellectual property. CXC A24/U2/12 34 UNIT 2 MODULE 3: SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (cont’d) 5. Types and Nature of Assistance Available to Small Firms (a) Agencies that Assist Small Businesses: (i) (ii) (iii) (b) Governmental Agencies; Non-governmental Agencies; Financial Institutions. Types of Assistance Offered to Small Businesses: (i) (ii) (iii) financial; technical; education and training. 6. Preparation of a Business Plan for a Small Business (a) (b) (c) Definition of a Business Plan; Executive Summary; Business Description: (i) (ii) (c) legal establishment history; start-up plans. Business Environment Analysis: (i) (ii) (iii) target market; customer needs; location. (d) (e) Industry Background. Competitor Analysis: who are your competitors. CXC A24/U2/12 35 UNIT 2 MODULE 3: SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (cont’d) (f) Market Analysis: (i) (ii) (iii) (g) customer needs; where they are; how to reach them. Marketing Plan: (i) (ii) (iii) pricing strategy; promotion strategy; distribution strategy. (h) Operations Plan: (i) (ii) cost of production; machinery. (i) Managerial Summary: (i) (ii) management personnel; staffing. (j) Financial Plan: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) profit and loss; cash flows; break-even analysis; source of funds; business ratios; assumptions. CXC A24/U2/12 36 UNIT 2 MODULE 3: SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (cont’d) Suggested Teaching and Learning Activities To facilitate students’ attainment of the objectives in Module 3, teachers are advised to engage students in the teaching and learning activities listed below. 1. Decide on a â€Å"product† or â€Å"service† company and allow students to determine what each company will produce or offer. Assign students to develop a questionnaire to investigate if there is a need to start a company of their choice. Develop a yearly sales estimate and a cash flow budget for their company. Establish and operate a small store to sell items used by students in the school, involving the steps of: ordering, banking, inventory, cost and sales analysis, sales. Create a list of costs to start the business. Encourage students to work in groups to â€Å"sell† specific items to the rest of the class using the sales and marketing methods discussed in the class. Students critique business plans and offer suggestions for improvement. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. RESOURCES Birchall, John and Morris, Graham Business Studies, Surrey: United Kingdom: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. , Walton-on-Thames, 1995. Building a Dream: A Comprehensive Guide to Starting a Business of Your Own, Toronto: McGraw Hill Ryerson, 1993. Business Studies, Lancaster: Causeway Press Limited, 1993. Business Studies, United Kingdom: Longman Group Ltd. , 1994. Principles of Internet Marketing: South Western College Publishing, 2000. Good, Walter S. Hall, Dave, Jones, Rob and Raffo, Carlo Hammond, Susan Hanson, Ward CXC A24/U2/12 37 ? OUTLINE OF ASSESSMENT Each Unit of the syllabus will be assessed separately. The same scheme of assessment will be applied to each Module in each Unit. Grades will be awarded independently for each Unit. The Assessment will comprise two components, one external component and one internal. Candidates must complete the School-Based Assessment for the first Unit that they write. Candidates may carry forward the School-Based Assessment mark from the first Unit written to the second Unit (irrespective of the mark earned), or opt to complete the School-Based Assessment for the second Unit as well. EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT FOR EACH UNIT Paper 01 (1 hour 15 minutes) This paper consists of forty-five (45) multiple-choice items. There are fifteen (15) items on each Module. (80 per cent) 30 per cent Paper 02 This paper consists of three (2 hours 30 minutes) corresponding to a Module in section will contain two essay Students are required to attempt one from each section. SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT FOR EACH UNIT Paper 03/1 sections, each the Unit. Each type questions. three questions, 50 per cent (20 per cent) A research paper of approximately 2,500 words, based on any topic covered in any one, two or all three Modules of the Unit being assessed. The School-Based Assessment for each Unit requires that candidates undertake a project which must demonstrate their skills in research, analysis, evaluation and presentation of information. Candidates who, in the same year, register for both Units of CAPE Management of Business may opt to: (a) (b) submit a separate School-Based Assessment assignment for each Unit; or submit a single School-Based Assessment assignment from either Unit 01 or Unit 02. Candidates who opt for (b) must indicate from which Unit the School-Based Assessment assignment was selected. Paper 03/2 Private candidates are required to write an Alternative Paper – Paper 03/2. Details are on page 43. CXC A24/U2/12 38 MODERATION OF SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT School-Based Assessment Record Sheets are available online via the CXC’s website www. cxc. org. All School-Based Assessment Record of marks must be submitted online using the SBA data capture module of the Online Registration System (ORS). A sample of assignments will be requested by CXC for moderation purposes. These assignments will be re-assessed by CXC Examiners who moderate the School-Based Assessment. Teachers’ marks may be adjusted as a result of moderation. The Examiners’ comments will be sent to schools. All samples must be delivered to the specified marking venues by the stipulated deadlines. Copies of the students assignment that are not submitted must be retained by the school until three months after publication by CXC of the examination results. ASSESSMENT DETAILS External Assessment by Written Papers (80 per cent of Total Assessment) Paper 01 (1 hour 15 minutes – 30 per cent of Total Assessment) 1. Numbers of Questions All questions are compulsory. This paper will consist of 45 multiple-choice questions. There will be 15 questions from each Module. 2. Syllabus Coverage (a) (b) Knowledge of the entire syllabus is required. The intention of this paper is to test candidates’ knowledge across the breadth of the syllabus. 3. Mark Allocation (a) (b) (c) One mark will be assigned for each question. The total number of marks available for this paper is 45. This paper contributes 30 per cent towards the final assessment. 4. Use of Calculators Candidates may use silent non-programmable calculators. CXC A24/U2/12 39 Paper 02 (2 hours 30 minutes – 50 per cent of Total Assessment) This paper will be divided into three sections, each section corresponding to a Module of the Unit. 1. Composition of Paper (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) This paper will consist of six essays or extended response questions. There will be two questions in each section. Candidates are required to attempt three questions, one from each section. The total number of marks available for the paper is 75. This paper contributes 50 per cent towards the final assessment. 2. Syllabus Coverage (a) Each question requires a greater depth of understanding than those questions in Paper 01. The purpose of this paper is to test candidates’ in-depth knowledge of the syllabus. (b) 3. Question Type Questions require an extended response involving reasoning, analysis and synthesis. 4. Mark Allocation Each question is worth 25 marks. 5. Award of Marks Marks will be awarded for: (a) (b) clear logical reasoning; evidence of ability to analyse a problem step by step and to apply principles and practices, skills and knowledge to reach a logical conclusion; evidence of problem solving ability; evidence of the ability to synthesise information. (c) (d) Full marks will be awarded when candidates meet all criteria. CXC A24/U2/12 40 SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT The Project Paper 03/1 School-Based Assessment is an integral part of student assessment in the course covered by this syllabus. It is intended to assist students in acquiring certain knowledge, skills and attitudes that are associated with the subject. The activities for the School-Based Assessment are linked to the syllabus and should form part of the learning activities to enable the student to achieve the objectives of the syllabus. During the course of study for the subject, students obtain marks for the competence they develop and demonstrate in undertaking their School-Based Assessment assignments. These marks contribute to the final marks and grades that are awarded to students for their performance in the examination. The guidelines provided in this syllabus for selecting appropriate tasks are intended to assist teachers and students in selecting assignments that are valid for the purpose of School-Based Assessment. The guidelines provided for the assessment of the assignments are intended to assist teachers in awarding marks that are reliable estimates of the achievement of students in the SchoolBased Assessment component of the course. In order to ensure that the scores awarded by teachers are consistent with the CXC standards, the Council undertakes the moderation of a sample of the School-Based Assessment assignments marked by each teacher. Presentation of Project The aims of the project are to: (a) (b) (c) promote self-learning; allow teachers the opportunity to engage in the formative assessment of their students; allow students to enhance their understanding of the nature of organisations through local studies; business (d) allow students to display evidence of careful observation and some degree of originality in their work; allow students to analyse business information gathered and make practical decisions; explore more fully, some areas of the Unit which may not be assessed adequately in an external examination. (e) (f) 2. Requirements Students must choose a firm (or simulate a firm) on which they would do their investigative research project. The project should afford students the opportunity to pursue areas of personal interest. Students must undertake a project which embraces any one, two, or all three Modules within the Unit being assessed. CXC A24/U2/12 41 Primary Sources of Data Candidates can use primary sources of data in their research activities. These include information gathered through questionnaires, and face to face interviews. Secondary Sources Secondary sources of data can also be used. These include newspapers, trade and professional journals, magazines, (such as News Week, Times) and documentation on the firm studied. An early start to planning project work is highly recommended. Each candidate should know the requirements of the project and its assessment procedures, as part of the orientation to the Unit. Teachers should guide the candidates in choosing appropriate projects that relate to the candidates’ interest and the specific objectives identified. A schedule of the dates for submitting project work (agreed by teachers and candidates) should be established. A teacher should offer guidance in the data collection process and the preparation of the report. Project Reports A candidate’s project should be presented in a soft folder bearing the candidate’s number, name of subject and the date submitted. The project document should comprise: (a) (b) (c) title; table of contents; introduction: (i) topic/aim of the project; (ii) background. literature review; methodology; presentation of data; analysis of data; interpretation of results; conclusions and recommendations; references and citations. (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) CXC A24/U2/12 42 The report (approximately 2500 words) should be typed double-spaced or hand-written legibly. Skills to be assessed 1. Knowledge and Understanding: candidate’s ability to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the objectives being assessed in the Module. candidate’s ability to collect, classify and communicate information. candidate’s ability to distinguish relationships among components of the business environment.

The Lost Boys of Sudan essays

The Lost Boys of Sudan essays In 1990 war broke out in Sudan. Thousands of boys as young as three and as old as fifteen ran away in search of a safer environment. They went to their neighboring country of Ethiopia, where they were safe for three years. The boys once again had to take flight. In 1993, the king of Ethiopia was being over thrown which caused the boys to flee. The boys went back to Sudan. Oh their way back they had to cross a river. Thousands had already died due to dehydration and starvation, and others died just from drinking bad water and eating poisonous leaves. Many more died crossing the river. They either drowned or got eaten by alligators. The remainder of the boys traveled to a refugee camp in Kenya. The boys were fed one meal a day along with one gallon of water for drinking, cooking, and cleaning per day. More and more boys came. While at the refugee camp the boys got to go to school but only in the mornings, because in the afternoons there would be dust storms and it was hard to concentra te. In 1998, the United States got evolved and decided that the boys can get a better education in the United States. So they took about a hundred kids by plane to the United States. These boys had never seen snow before and were cold. These boys had never seen a telephone, microwave, or electric stove before. They adapted to their new environment fast. These boys were named, the Lost Boys of Sudan, after Peter Pans orphans. Some of these boys are reconnecting with their old families. ...

Women's Liberation Coming Out of the 19th Century Research Paper

Women's Liberation Coming Out of the 19th Century - Research Paper Example that ideology to help provide a socially acceptable avenue of refuge for other young women like her who felt trapped but did not wish to become ‘fallen women.’ Beecher struggled to find comfort in her religion after her fiance was lost at sea, but was unable to relinquish her sense of self and self-will (Sklar, 1973). She moved to Hartford, Connecticut and opened up new schools designed to benefit girls and providing women with additional acceptable life options outside of marriage. Her tracts, books and lectures were intended to make her less threatening to men and women who felt True Womanhood was the only natural and right social arrangement (Sklar, 1973). Her efforts provided women with a sense of self-respect and paved the road for future female activists such as Francis Willard. Francis Willard also worked from within the cult of True Womanhodd to help bring other women into a more public sphere by focusing attention on the expected responsibilities of women within their 'natural' role within the family. According to Amy Slagell (2002), â€Å"Willard knew that by recruiting, organizing and energizing interested women to being their work of transforming the world as she believed they were called to do, women would come to a new awareness of their power so that not only would the outer world be transformed, but the women themselves as well† (23). She introduced the Home Protection argument to the Women’s Christian Temperance Union â€Å"as a wedge argument, a way to break through the walls of prejudice an ‘average woman’ would likely bear toward suffrage and women’s political work† (Slagell, 2002: 10). According to Flexner, she took a â€Å"shrewd† approach; â€Å"a series of tangential moves, in the course of which women †¦ were gradually led to understand... The Women’s Liberation Movement as we know it today emanated from two different ideological sources and continues to promote two widely different points of view. Feminist issues are multifaceted, so it is unsurprising that the approaches to remedying these issues are often contentious and inadequate. Feminists don't always agree on the recommended solutions and not all of the needs of women have been met. Women and their ever changing lives cannot be placed in specified categories nor can the answers to their specific needs be found in theories. What all feminists should recognize is that the overall goal of leveling the playing field for everyone is a never-ending effort. There are very few absolutes in attempting to find the correct answers to the human rights debate as engaged by liberal and radical feminists. Both groups claim that the opposite view subverts their common goal of gender equality. At its core, the women’s movement that was touched off by feminist thou ght more than a century ago through the modern movement of the 1960s and continuing even today has successfully addressed equality and human rights issues for women.

Do Patients Really Have a Choice in Anaesthesia and Surgery Essay

Do Patients Really Have a Choice in Anaesthesia and Surgery - Essay Example The mere condition of having sensation blocked or the nerves being desensitized is not accepted by many and there may be each to their own reasoning for it. The anesthesia is used to avoid the person undergoing surgery from pain or distress. For different issues, different kinds of anesthesia may be used. There is general, local, regional and dissociative anesthesia, each one used in different cases as each one has their own varying effects. Consent, is now an integral part of pre anesthetic consultation. Nowadays, given the evolved role within the health institutions, plus the legal and ethical issues, the patients are informed about the procedure they will be subjected to during the surgery. Disclosure of information seems to be the most legal and ethical discussion in the consent process. Given the function of any anesthesia, this consent is vital. This reinforces the idea that the given ‘consent’ to the patient before any surgery, is not actually being asked to accep t a procedure but is being offered a range of options from which to choose. Any medical profession indeed respects the patient’s reasoned choice and their right in law to refuse treatments. As anesthetists, the consent process can serve more than one purpose. It protects the practitioner from any ethical or legal issues. It ensures that the patient has agreed to the given way of treatment. The consent is a representation of the choice the patients have today in this. (Slater. R, 2007) No matter what examination or treatment one has to undergo, one may ask their anesthetist if there is any choice in the anesthetic method. One should also understand that some surgeons are more content operating on patients who have received one form of anesthetic rather than another. This most often means that the patient has a general anesthetic, which involves temporary unconsciousness. The article on All about Anesthesia, Do you have a choice, talks about the surgeon not having to choose the type of anesthesia one will receive, unless there is no anesthesia involved in one’s case. (2012) However, the surgeon may discuss the choice with the patient and with their anesthetist. In the same way, ones anesthetist does not choose what operation one will have or how it will be carried out. Again, ones anesthetist may discuss the operation with the patient and the surgeon, particularly if one has special anesthesia problems. The type of anesthesia varies with the given situation. Example for a finger ligament being torn off or the finger’s bone being broken may allow for local anesthesia, this type of a surgery allows a choice from the range of anesthesia. On the other side, during a caesarian, spinal or epidural anesthesia can be used. This type of scenario may allow less choice for the patient because general anesthesia may be harmful to the baby. Another case may involve a heart surgery, which will involve the use of general anesthesia and confine the choice o f the patient. Given the intensity of the situation like a heart surgery, a patient can not choose spinal anesthesia for their own good. This aspect suggests that a patient’s choice depends on the situation they are in. The beginning of this article stated a brief case where the patient would not agree to get their sensation paralyzed for a while, may be due to a range of reasons. These may involve the patient not approving the idea of losing control, issue of allergy,

Surface State in Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3 Nanoflakes

Surface State in Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3 Nanoflakes Result of a study on the surface state in Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3 nanoflakes 4.1 Introduction The recent discovery of topological insulators (TIs) has provided new route for producing low-dimensional relativistic electronic states. The exotic surface states of TIs have attracted the attention of scientists because of their fascinating physical properties and applicability in spintronics and quantum computations [24-28]. The unique surface states were confirmed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) on Sb2Te3, Bi2Te3, and Bi2Se3 [29-34]. Magnetotransport studies have also provided a clear picture of the topological surface state and the  ° Berry phase shift [35, 36],which gives rise to the immunity of Dirac fermions to localization. Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3 are suitable candidates for TI studies because of their large energy gaps. Eg is approximately equal to 0.3 eV and 0.17 eV. However, the metallic bulk conduction of natural imperfections, such as vacancies or antisite defects in these materials, makes it difficult to probe surface Dirac fermions. Therefore, a high-insulating bulk state is a prerequisite for transport property studies of TIs. Substantial effort has made it possible to examine both the surface and the bulk channels either through electrical gating [36-42] or substitution doping [12-14, 42]. Recently, it was discovered that Bi2-xSbxTe3-ySey (BSTS) is a high-insulating bulk TI. BSTS exhibits a tetradymite structure, a low carrier concentration (2.3 Ãâ€" 1016 cm3), and a large bulk resistivity (8 ÃŽ © cm) because of the ordered occupation of Te/Se in the quintuple-layer unit [12, 13]. However, a reliable detection of surface quantum oscillations is difficult in BSTS flakes because of the inhomogeneous defect [12] and low surface mobility [40]. Thus, the low mobility in a bulk channel plays a crucial role in probing surface quantum oscillations. In this chapter, we report the observation of surface-dominated transport in the topological insulator BSTS nanoflakes. Shubnikov-de Hass (SdH) oscillations study on the 200-nm BSTS nanoflake indicates that the achievement of surface-dominated transport can be attributed its high surface mobility of 2602 cm2/Vs (top surface), 3657 cm2/Vs (bottom surface), and low bulk mobility of 12 cm2/V s, which is a much lower value than those reported [12-13, 40-41]. Besides, the nontrivial Dirac surface state was further confirmed by the weak anti-localization (WAL) effect and the semiconducting to metallic transport transformation as the thickness of the specimen was reduced to the thin film limit, in which a up to 90% contribution from the surface channel was estimated based on the thickness dependence of the electrical conductance and the result of the SdH oscillations. 4.2 Method BSTS single crystals nominally composed of Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3 were grown by melting the mixture of Bi (99.999%), Sb (99.999%), Te (99.999%), and Se (99.999%) in sealed evacuated quartz tubes. First the mixture was slowly ramped up to 750  °C at a rate of 100  °C/h and kept at 750  °C for 12 h. It was then furnace cooled to room temperature at a rate of 100  °C/h. The sample was reground and sintered again. The same procedure was repeated three times to ensure sample homogeneity. Finally, the sample was heated to 800  °C for 48 h, then cooled to 500  °C and annealed for 96 h. The crystal structures of the samples were identified using powder X-ray diffraction and refined using the General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) software package equipped with the EXPGUI interface, as shown in Figure 4.1(a). Transport measurements were conducted using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS) and six-terminal Hall bar geometric specimens. The nanoflake specimens [Figure 4.1(b)] were mechanically exfoliated and transferred to the Si3N4 (200 nm)/Si substrate. The electrodes of the nanoflake were patterned using standard e-beam lithography and thermal evaporation of Ti/Au. Figure 4.1. (a) GSAS refinement of powder X-ray data of a BSTS crystal. Red circles represent experimental results, the green line represents calculated results, the blue line indicates the difference, and the Bragg peaks of the BSTS are shown by the vertical lines, where Rp, Rwp, and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 represent the goodness factors. (b) The SEM image of a BSTS 160-nm nanoflake. 4.3 Results and discussion 4.3.1 Thickness and temperature dependence of resistance The considerable thickness dependence of electrical transport showed a transition from semiconducting to metallic behavior as the bulk content is reduced, as shown in Figure 4.2 (a). For the thick specimens, the thermal activation energies given by the Arrhenius law were 4.3 meV (140 ÃŽ ¼m), 3.5 meV (49 ÃŽ ¼m), and 2.37 meV (7 ÃŽ ¼m). The smaller activation energy of thinner specimens can be explained by the increasing contribution of surface states [12-13, 40-41]. In 140-ÃŽ ¼m BSTS, a significant deviation occurred below 20 K from the fitting to a three-dimensional variable-range hopping model (3D VRH) with Rxx is approximately exp[(T/T0)-1/4] [13], indicating the existence of a parallel metallic conduction of surface states [the inset in Figure 4.2 (a)]. According to Eq. 4.1, the total conductance G ° of a specimen with a thickness t can be formulated as G ° = Gs + à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³bt, (4.1) where Gs is the surface sheet conductance, and ÏÆ'b is the bulk conductivity [38,42]. Gs =36.2 (e2/h) and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³b = 4.14 (e2/h) ÃŽ ¼m−1, which resulted from the fit of thickness dependence of conductance to Eq. 4.1. For a 200-nm nanoflake at 2 K, up to 90% of the contribution from the surface state was obtained, as shown in Figure 4.2 (b). Figure 4.2. (a) Temperature dependence of resistivity for BSTS specimens with thicknesses of 140 ÃŽ ¼m, 200 nm, 160 nm, and 80 nm. The inset shows the fit of 3D variable-range hopping to the 140-lm specimens. (b) Thickness dependence of sheet conductance; the red line is the fit with G ° = Gs + à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³bt. The inset shows the fitting of the Arrhenius law to the 140-ÃŽ ¼m specimen. 4.3.2 Hall measurements of BSTS To understand the semiconductor-metallic transitions, we focus on the charge transport behavior (Figure 4.3) and temperature dependence Hall measurement results of 160 nm specimen (Figure 4.4). Because of that the thickness seems like to the critical in between semiconductor and metallic transition. In Figure 4.3 (a), we gives three regimes in the temperature profile, one can obtain the nanoflake specimen with 160 nm thick showing metallic behavior which contrasts to its bulk. In the regime I, the bulk conduction dominates, as the temperature decreases the resistance increased which shows a general narrow-gap semiconductor behavior this can be attributed to freezing of the impurity band carrier in the bulk [27]. The regime II reveals a typical metallic behavior signature, the resistance decreases as temperature reduced, this can be explained as reduce phonon scattering and nearly constant carrier density (shown in Figure 4.4 (a)) with a decreasing temperature. In regime III, when the temperature is lower than 10 K, a slightly increases in resistance due to the bulk carriers freeze out [28]. Hall mobility measurements provide more clearly picture to realize the thickness dependence charge transport as shown in Figure 4.4 (b). The reduction in the degree of disorder or impurity of specimens can be obtained in Figure 4.4 (b) that the mobility enhanced as thickness decreased and their different temperature dependence trends. In thinner specimens (160 and 80 nm) the mobility shows monotonically increasing as decreasing temperature, surface dominate transport should play a more important role in this manner. Figure 4.3. Temperature dependence of the normalized resistance of specimens. Figure 4.4 (a) Temperature dependence of the Hall measurement results of 160 nm thick specimen. (b) Thickness dependence of Hall mobility versus temperature curve. 4.3.3 Surface quantum oscillations (Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations) Because successive empting of Landau levels (LLs) provides the nth minima in à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³Rxx, the relation of the LL index n to the Fermi surface cross-section area AF can be described using the semiclassical Onsager equation: 2 ° (n + à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §) = AF Ä § / eB. For the Schrodinger electron case, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § = 0, which results in a zero Berry phase. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § = 1/2 indicates the case of the Dirac fermion of TIs, which results in a  ° Berry phase where the charge carrier is immune to localization. The temperature dependence of resistance for a 200-nm nanoflake shows à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³Rxx as a function of 1/B after a smoothing background subtraction, as shown in Figure 4.5 (a). Two sets of oscillation periods are marked; one with a black dashed line ([(à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³(1/B) = 0.041 T-1]) and the other with a blue dashed line (0.022 T-1) for the surfaces of the nanoflake specimen. The multicomponent nature of SdH oscillations originates from the Fermi-level positions of the two surfaces. If SdH oscillations are as a result of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed with band bending near the surface, the corresponded carrier density differs in an order of magnitude [35] compared to the Hall measurement result [n3D = 3.5 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ 101 8cm-3], which is obtained from the fit to low field B ( ±1T) data (Figure 4.5 (b)). Figure 4.5 (c) shows the LL fan diagram plotted in 1/B versus nth oscillation minima in à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³Rxx. The linear fit of the two-set SdH spectrum yields the intercepts of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § = 0.48  ± 0.3 for Surface 1 and 0.49  ± 0.02 for Surface 2, where à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § values are closer to the theoretical value of 0.5 for ideal Dirac fermions. It is assumed that Surface 2 is the top surface because environmental contamination provides effective n-type doping [17] to the sample, which strongly influences the top surface. The specimens were closely stacked on the substrate to prevent the bottom surface from air contamination and electron-beam irradiation. Thus, the second set of SdH oscillations appears in the lower inversed field, shown in Figure 4.5 (a), which was probably from the top surface. In Figure 4.5 (c), the slope of one set of SdH oscillations provides the cross-section area of the Fermi surface [AF = 4.15 Ãâ€" 1017 m-2], and the Fermi wave number was = 0.0363 and the 2D surface carrier density was = 1.05 Ãâ€" 1012 cm-2 for the top surface (Surface 2). The second set of SdH oscillations resulted in AF = 2.32 Ãâ€" 1017 m-2 and = 0.02718 , and 0.58 Ãâ€" 1012 cm-2 for the bottom surface (Surface 1). Figure 4.5 (d) shows the fit of temperature dependence of SdH amplitudes to the Lifshitz-Kosevich (LK) theory [11, 43].The cyclotron mass mc = 0.075 me is the same as that reported [13]. Once mc is known, we can calculate the Fermi velocity and the Fermi level position to be vF = 5.6 Ãâ€" 105 m/s and EF = 134 meV above the Dirac point for the top surface and vF = 4.19 Ãâ€" 105 m/s and EF = 75 meV for the bottom surface. The high Fermi level position of the top surface is consistent with the results of environmental doping mentioned previously. Due to the multiple component nature, the Dingle temperature is difficult to extrapolate from the SdH amplitude; therefore, Eq. 4.2 is used to fit the resistance data to the LK theory , (4.2) where F is the frequency of SdH oscillations extracted from the slopes of Figure 4.5 (c), the thermal factor is , and the Dingle temperature is [11, 43]. The solid red line in Figure 4.5 (e) shows the optimal fitted results of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § = 0.5 and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ = 1.11 Ãâ€" 10-13 s for the top surface, and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § = 0.35 and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ = 1.56 Ãâ€" 10-13 s for the bottom surface. The fitted à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § values are close to theoretical value of 0.5 for ideal Dirac fermions. According to the Dingle analysis, the scattering time is approximately two to three times larger than that of the bulk BSTS [13]. Mobility is a measure of scattering time; therefore, it is possible to calculate the surface mobility ÃŽ ¼s = 2602 cm2V-1s-1 and the mean free path = 62 nm for the top surface, and ÃŽ ¼s = 3657 cm2V-1s-1 and = 65 nm for the bottom surface. The surface mobility enhancement is consistent with the longer mean free path of the nontrivial topological Dirac state. The surface contribution to the total conductance (Gs/Gtot = 84.8%) was consistent with the results obtained from the thickness dependence of conductance. Take the sheet carrier density into account, n = ns + nb t [44]. The mobility of the bulk channel was 12 cm2/Vs, which is close to the total Hall mobility of the 140-ÃŽ ¼m thick BSTS specimen, 13 cm2/Vs. The low Hall mobility of bulk carriers causes less interference with the surface Dirac fermions; thus, the enhancement of the surface contribution and quantum oscillations was detected in the specimens used in this study. Figure 4.5. (a) Temperature dependence of resistance. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³Rxx is function of 1/B. n = 4, 5, and 6 are the LLs of the bottom surface; n = 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the LLs of the top surface of the 200-nm nanoflake. (b) Hall resistance versus magnetic field. The red dashed line is extended from the low B ( ±1T) fit. The inset shows the Fermi level positions of the top and bottom surfaces, respectively. BV is the bulk valance band, and BC is the conduction band. (c) The LL fan diagram plotted in 1/B versus the nth oscillation minima in the à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³Rxx. (d) The fit of temperature dependence of the SdH oscillation amplitude to the LK theory. (e) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³R versus 1/B. The black curve is the experimental data, and the red curve is the fit to LK theory. 4.3.4 Weak anti-localization effect In addition to SdH oscillations, the helical surface state was further probed using the WAL effect on the 200-nm BSTS. The WAL effect in TIs originated from the  ° Berry phase, in which the probability of backscattering was suppressed as a result of the destructive interference of time-reversed paths. The angle field dependence magnetoconductance analysis is shown in Figure 4.6 (a). The sharp cusps of the magnetoconductance in the lower field region are features of WAL. The 2D nature of Dirac fermions associated with the  ° Berry phase, which is dependent only on the perpendicular component of the applying field, was obtained by subtracting the background from the 3D bulk WAL contribution, ΔGxx(ÃŽ ¸,B) = Gxx(ÃŽ ¸,B) Gxx(90 °,B) (5), as shown in Figure 4.6 (b). Figure 4.6 (b) shows that low-angle data merge into a single universal curve [15]. The Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka (HLN) [15] model is used to calculate sheet conductance [27], as given in Eq. (3): , (4.3) where Gxx is sheet conductance, is the phase coherent length, and is the digamma function. The value for à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ (-0.96) and (121 nm) were obtained for the 200-nm nanoflake. For the WAL effect in TIs, the prefactor à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ was equal to -0.5 for a single surface state [40]. The complicacies of topological surface states resulted in an experimental value à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ between -0.4 to -1.5 [38, 40]. In this study, the value à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ = -0.96 indicated the existence of two surface states. Figure 4.6. (a) The angle field dependence magnetoconductance of the 200-nm nanoflake. The inset is a schematic diagram of the measurement. (b) ΔGxx versus the perpendicular field component (B cos ÃŽ ¸) for various angles. Low-angle data merge into a single curve (the green dashed line) fitted using the HLN model. 4.4 Conclusion In this study, dominated surface transport was observed in BSTS nanoflakes. The thickness dependence electrical transport and the SdH oscillations illustrated that the surface states in the 200-nm BSTS nanoflake contribute to nearly 90 % of the conductance. The achievement of the surface-dominated transport is mainly attributed to the high surface mobility relative to the bulk channel. The observation of SdH oscillations provides clear evidence of surface Dirac fermions. Surface-dominated transport was further confirmed by the WAL effect showing 2D nature of helical Dirac surface states. Moreover, electrical transport transforms from semiconducting to metallic behavior, and mobility was enhanced when the thickness decreased, indicating that surface states plays a crucial role in the thin film limit. The high-insulating bulk state in BSTS nanoflakes provides opportunities for future quantum computation and spintronics applications.

Technology Transfers: Developing Renewable Energy Sources Essay

Technology Transfers: Putting Theory into Practice Climate change is an increasingly demanding issue as global population continues to grow, energy sources are being depleted and cooperation between actors to take action is often difficult to enforce. Renewable energy is a growing technology. With the depletion of fossil fuels as well as increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel burning, energy dependency will have to shift to renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric and geothermal. Unfortunately, these technologies are expensive and building new or altering old plants to allow for their use is costly. Because developing countries are in transition and have a growing energy demand, their building of new energy facilities should logically incorporate and implement the new, cleaner technology. Most countries do not have the funds to support the new technology and so resort to purchasing old, inefficient parts from firms in developed countries that have already adjusted their technolog y. The Kyoto Protocol calls for increased energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources as well as limiting emissions of greenhouse gases (UNIDO, 3). Each Annex I country is expected to adhere to reduction commitments while developing countries are not obligated to specific commitments, they still must report their progress and are encouraged to begin reductions of emissions where possible (Cullet, 168). In order to encourage developed countries' emission reductions of greenhouse gases, flexible mechanisms were instituted under the Kyoto Protocol, such as the Cleaner Development Mechanism or Joint Implementation. Cleaner Development Mechanisms involve one country with commitments an... ...s 11: 3, 1-30. Cullet, Philippe. 1999. Equity and Flexibility Mechanisms in the Climate Change Regime: Conceptual and Practical Issues. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 8:2, 168. Duic, Neven, Luis M. Alves and Maria da Graca Carvalho. 2001. Potential of Kyoto Protcol in Transfer of Energy Technologies to Insular Countries. Transactions of Famena 25: 2, 27-37. Lash III, William H. 2000. The Kyoto Climate Change Treaty. Society 37: 4, 43-49. Renewable Energy Technology and Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms. 2003. European Commission. European Commuities, Belgium, pp 6- 30. Service Module 6: Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Overview. Online. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Available:  HYPERLINK "http://www.unido.org/oc/5071. Updated 2004"
http://www.unido.org/oc/5071. Updated 2004. [Accessed May 2004]. Technology Transfers: Developing Renewable Energy Sources Essay Technology Transfers: Putting Theory into Practice Climate change is an increasingly demanding issue as global population continues to grow, energy sources are being depleted and cooperation between actors to take action is often difficult to enforce. Renewable energy is a growing technology. With the depletion of fossil fuels as well as increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel burning, energy dependency will have to shift to renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric and geothermal. Unfortunately, these technologies are expensive and building new or altering old plants to allow for their use is costly. Because developing countries are in transition and have a growing energy demand, their building of new energy facilities should logically incorporate and implement the new, cleaner technology. Most countries do not have the funds to support the new technology and so resort to purchasing old, inefficient parts from firms in developed countries that have already adjusted their technolog y. The Kyoto Protocol calls for increased energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources as well as limiting emissions of greenhouse gases (UNIDO, 3). Each Annex I country is expected to adhere to reduction commitments while developing countries are not obligated to specific commitments, they still must report their progress and are encouraged to begin reductions of emissions where possible (Cullet, 168). In order to encourage developed countries' emission reductions of greenhouse gases, flexible mechanisms were instituted under the Kyoto Protocol, such as the Cleaner Development Mechanism or Joint Implementation. Cleaner Development Mechanisms involve one country with commitments an... ...s 11: 3, 1-30. Cullet, Philippe. 1999. Equity and Flexibility Mechanisms in the Climate Change Regime: Conceptual and Practical Issues. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 8:2, 168. Duic, Neven, Luis M. Alves and Maria da Graca Carvalho. 2001. Potential of Kyoto Protcol in Transfer of Energy Technologies to Insular Countries. Transactions of Famena 25: 2, 27-37. Lash III, William H. 2000. The Kyoto Climate Change Treaty. Society 37: 4, 43-49. Renewable Energy Technology and Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms. 2003. European Commission. European Commuities, Belgium, pp 6- 30. Service Module 6: Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Overview. Online. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Available:  HYPERLINK "http://www.unido.org/oc/5071. Updated 2004"
http://www.unido.org/oc/5071. Updated 2004. [Accessed May 2004].

The Current “Age of Accountability” Law in Light of Developmental Psychology Current Law Upheld Case Study

In the case study provided, one can see many areas where the development of the child in question can be taken into consideration when looking at the case from a law standpoint. In any case involving children, one must always take into account their environment, their developmental age, and their true age. With each age group, there is a norm for development and each child must be evaluated regarding that norm. In this case, the current law regarding the â€Å"age of accountability† can be upheld through three basic points. These points are the biosocial, the cognitive, and the psychosocial areas of development. Each area plays a huge role in whether or not a child (at the age of six) can be held accountable for such a violent act. In the area of biosocial development, everything from a child’s nutrition to brain development to abuse can affect their perceptions (Berger, 2008). In the case provided, the six year old boy, coming from a single parent household, could very easily suffer developmentally in this area. Historically, single parent households make much less than households where both parents are present. Less income (socioeconomic status decline) could equal less nutritious food to aid in proper development. At the age of the child provided for this case study, he seems to be at the norm for brain development. At this age, even though children can think in rapid succession, they do not process the information to the point of seeing the true consequences. The child is also not completely able to use deductive reasoning when thinking the situation through from beginning to end and vice versa (Berger, 2008). Emotions at this point also play a key role in the development of the child provided. At this age, emotions such as anger (which would commonly be felt after the scuffle on the playground) can grow over a few hours and especially overnight, in a child who has anger or guilt problems anyway. While anger is a normal emotion, some children at this age struggle with the appropriate way to deal with it and lash out, resulting in injury. Taking into consideration the lifestyle of the juvenile in question, abuse and/or neglect could also be a large problem in his dealing with anger issues. While he may see the maltreatment he could be receiving as just basic attention, he is unable to process the true impact of the situation at his age (Berger, 2008). When the child sees anger at home, he is more likely to engage in anger motivated activities outside the home. Cognitive development of the six year old boy must also be taken into consideration when upholding the age of accountability law. Due to the fact that children of this age tend to be very self-centered and have the ability to focus on one idea (regardless of perception), a child with anger issues will see their problem is the whole world and that that one focal point is to stop the angry feeling (Berger, 2008). While to an adult this is irrational thought since the consequences are not planned for, to a child this creates harmony in their world of â€Å"me. Social learning at this age is a huge influence on how they react to their environment. In the case provided, the child is reacting the only way he knows how. Since both his father and grandfather are in the corrections system for gun related charges, it is likely that the child is only modeling the behavior he feels is set forth by those before him (Berger, 2008). While the child does not realize what he is doing at the time, he is an apprentice in thinking in the same way the other male figures have acted in his life. Even though the child has a male influence in his life (his uncle), it does not seem to be constructive as the uncle is likely the one who left the gun out irresponsibly. To uphold the current law, it should also be taken into consideration that a child at this age is merely attempting to make the difference between belief and reality. What a child sees on television and plays in video games can also play a role in their perception of the world as well as their cognitive and psychological development (Berger, 2008). Children before the age of seven have a difficult time realizing the reality and the fantasy within their environment. To them, a violent act is just the means to the end, the consequences are not their concern, and their goal is to end their own suffering regardless of the cost due to their self-centeredness. In the area of psychosocial development, a child should not be held accountable at the age of six due to their emotional status, ability to receive and internalize emotion, and falling victim to their parents’ style of parenting (Berger, 2008). If a child is subjected to authoritarian parenting, they are more likely to be less happy, suffer from depression, and feel guilty about situations in their environment. In the case presented, this could very well be the case for the child as his reason for extreme anger could be internalizing guilt for his father and grandfather being out of his life and in prison. Permissive parenting could also be a cause of developmental issue in a child of this age as they would be lacking of self control and unhappy. Again, the media begins to play a role in the lives of children this age. When a child observes violence and hatred, then they will most likely exude this type of behavior as well if it does not go corrected by a parent (Berger, 2008). When the media is the â€Å"parent† of the child, television used as a babysitter, the only role model they have are the actors on television to mimic and model their behavior. Overall, based on the information provided by Berger in the text, the law regarding whether or not the child in the case from Michigan should be held accountable should be upheld. It can be seen from the information provided above that the child is not developed enough to weigh the consequences of their actions and are most likely victims to their environment. Children cannot control what they are shown and thus at age six should not be accountable for their violent actions when they do not understand what the repercussions of their action could be and do not understand something as complex as taking another life.

Italian Verb Conjugations Godere