Concussions And Concussions On Sports - 1655 Words

Concussions In Sports Luca Vanore Prof. Thomas Iona College December 5th, 2015 Since the beginning of professional sports, one of the most controversial topics has been head Injuries and even more specifically, concussions. A concussion is an injury to the brain or spinal cord due to jarring from a blow, fall, or the like; a shock caused by the impact of a collision, blow, etc.; the act of violently shaking or jarring. (dictionary.com) although people do not think so, these injuries have a lasting effect that could change life dramatically down the road. Should sports leagues all over the world be implementing more safety rules in order to prevent these types of head injuries? What makes them so dangerous and why should we give the topic much more attention. Concussions in sports are a major problem that needs to be addressed much for seriously. 66 percent of teenagers who reportedly suffered a concussion did not feel it was serious enough to tell an adult. Head trauma resulting in brain injury is the greatest killer under the age of 45 and the greatest cause o f disability in people under 44. Brain injury kills more children under age 20 than every other cause combined. In the U.S., athletes suffer from roughly 300,000 concussions every year. Immediate consequences of concussions include blurred vision, headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, or unconsciousness. Athletes with serious concussions may experience symptoms for 3 weeks or more. Concussions are moreShow MoreRelatedConcussions On Sports : Concussions995 Words   |  4 PagesConcussions in sport I am not am not am not am not am not am not am not ma not ma not am not man not an 8 years ago, Chris Benoit, a professional wrestler also known as the Canadian Crippler, killed his wife and 7-year-old son in their house over the weekend. Then taking his own life by hanging himself with a cable from a weight machine in his home gym. Events like this make people wonder what caused it. It is instinct to immediately assume that drugs were involved, especially with professionalRead MoreConcussions On Pro Sports : Concussions1484 Words   |  6 PagesConcussions in Pro Sports David Duerson’s family, the family of a legend, found Duerson dead in his home, with a self-inflicted gunshot wound in the chest (Bartholet). Duerson had won two championship rings, named first team All-Pro by three sources, received the NFL Man of the Year Award, and held an NFL record for 19 years (Bartholet). So why would this amazing man with a life of accomplishments commit suicide? Doctors wanted to find out. Duerson had sent his family a text message that he wantedRead MoreThe Effects Of Concussions On Sports Concussions1283 Words   |  6 PagesFootball Concussions Picture a college size stadium filled with parents, students, and fans. Overflowing with crisp fall air and trembling with excitement for kickoff of a high school football game. The whistle blows, ball is kicked , the sound of pads and helmets colliding. But then the second whistle blows and you see your teammate lying on the ground unconscious. Now nothing but that white jersey laying motionless on the turf matters to you. Trainers then EMT’s rush over. They put a braceRead MoreThe Importance Of Concussions In Sports807 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever played a sport, that injured you or give you a concussion? Safety always comes first. Especially, when youre doing something that can get you an injury really easy. Having protective gear is important, mainly in sports. Some sports should have protective head gear. Protecting your head is important, and every part in it. Half of the sports are usually contact sports, which getting hurt in the head can be more of the chanc e, which is bad. As well, getting hurt in the head has many consequencesRead MoreSports Concussions And Its Effects Essay2330 Words   |  10 PagesSports Concussions In America, the sports industry is one of the largest and most powerful country; whether the sport is football, baseball, basketball, or any of the other sports the country has. Recently reports and documented cases have risen involving some of these sports’ greatest athletes, as well as current players, dealing with concussions (Famous sports concussions, 2012). Numerous athletes, some of them being the sport’s highest profile players, were found to have several mental illnessesRead MoreThe Price of Concussions in Sports1084 Words   |  4 Pagesstory highlights the devastating effect concussions can have in a short timeframe. Because brain injuries are known to develop quickly it is important that the NFL responds quickly to this concussion crisis. The NFL is the most popular professional sports league in the world: according to Forbes Magazine the NFL generated over $9 billion in revenue this past year. Despite this success the NFL faces a legitimate threat against brain injuries and concussions. Although the NFL is popular, they shouldRead MoreSports Concussions And Its Effects2206 Words   |  9 PagesSports Concussions In America, the sports industry is one of the largest and most powerful country; whether the sport is football, baseball, basketball, or any of the other sports the country has. Recently reports and documented cases have risen involving some of these sports’ greatest athletes, as well as current players, dealing with concussions (Famous sports concussions, 2012). Numerous athletes, some of them being the sport’s highest profile players, were found to have several mental illnessesRead MoreAre Sports Related Concussions?1933 Words   |  8 PagesProfessional and amateur sports in the United States are big money. It is big money for the teams and the companies manufacturing sports equipment and clothing. It is also a literal headache for many participants. Sports concussions that occur frequently have terrible outcomes. We live in a sports oriented culture, which promotes a hard-nose on field mentality. Athletes learn early on to not report injuries or to play through an injury, especially an injury causing problems with mental processesRead MoreSports And Sports Related Concussions1378 Words   |  6 PagesNearly 40% of athletes, who have suffered a concussion, return to play earlier than they should (Concussion Facts, n.d.). Sport related concussions †¦ The negligence surrounding sport related concussions †¦Inherent risks surround all sporting events. Sport officials†¦ Negligence is â€Å"an act or omission which violates a legal duty and creates an unreasonable risk of harm to another, resulting in injury† (Rosenthal, 2003-2004). Every sport possesses its own unique risks. â€Å"Personal injuries are not onlyRead MoreConcussions And Its Effects On Sports1195 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concussions in Sports   Ã‚  Ã‚   Concussions in sports are a very serious subject, including it’s recovery and prevention. Concussions have affected many athletes and even normal people and too many concussions could end up having serious consequences later on in life. Sports leagues and doctors should be taking more precaution in making sure everyone stays safe and healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Concussions are a very big health problem in sports in the modern era and is now being

The Negative Effects Of Isolation In The Metamorphosis By...

It is a natural thing for people to want be surround by others but at the same time want to be by themselves. Going out with friends is fun but everyone needs time to themselves to just relax. However, being alone for too long is not always the best thing. Isolation is one of the worst things a person can experience. In The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, the theme that isolation has negative effects on people can be shown through symbols, setting, and character development. One way Kafka shows the negative effects of isolation is by using multiple symbols throughout The Metamorphosis. For example, when Gregors family was worried about what was wrong with him, they could not get into his room because the doors were locked: â€Å"But Gregor has†¦show more content†¦The window is showing Gregors freedom into the outside world. He used to be able to leave and go outside whenever he wanted but now he is stuck and longing for that freedom back. Gregor was once happy that he was shut off from people, but now that he does not have a choice to go back, he envies the outside world which he no longer belongs to. Along with the window, the furniture in Gregors room helped in the process of his isolation. When his mom and sister were moving his draws Gregor thought to himself, â€Å"Had [I] really wanted to have [my] warm room, comfortably fitted with furniture that had always been in the family, changed into a cave, in which, of course, [I] would be able to crawl around unhampered in all directions but at the cost of simultaneously, rapidly, and totally forgetting [my] human past?† (1176). At this point the isolation is starting to take its toll on Gregor. The only thing that is keeping him sane is the furniture in his room. By having the furniture it is helping him not let go of the human still inside of him. By showing the window and the furniture in the setting it helps to show the process that Gregor is going through from the isolation bringing him down. Lastly, Kafka uses character development to show the negative effects. He specifically shows the character development of Gregor. At the beginning of The Metamorphosis, Gregor would do anything for his family and tried every possible thing to try to get to work. He had to provide forShow MoreRelatedThe Existential Isolation And Biopsychological Change1519 Words   |  7 PagesExistential Isolation and Biopsychological Change in The Metamorphosis and â€Å"Letter to my Father† by Franz Kafka and Unwelcome Visitors† by Tessa Farmer This literary and art analysis will define the correlation between the writings of Kafka and the installation art of Tessa Farmer’s in relation to the themes of existential isolation and biopsychological change. Gregor’s anxiety in The Metamorphosis is partially due to the alienation of society, which cases an existential period of isolation in whichRead MoreGregor Samsas Metamorphosis in The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1271 Words   |  6 Pagesare unable to develop this bond with their family members, they tend to feel alone and depressed. In the novel The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, Kafka describes the theme of alienation and its negative effect on people and their relationships with the people around them. This theme can be shown through Gregor Samsa, the main character in The Metamorphosis. After Gregor’s metamorphosis, or transformation, he is turned from a human being into a giant bug which makes him more and more distant from theRead MoreAlienation Is Not A New Thing1640 Words   |  7 PagesAlienation is best described as a powerful feeling of isolation and loneliness, which stems from a variety of causes such as certain events and situations in society or in a persons individual life (â€Å"Alienation†). The extent in which a person is alienated varies from mild to severe often depending on the specific trigger. Most commonly, the feeling of not fitting in with others and being different causes alienation. However, in some instances a certain life changing event or the accumulation ofRead MoreDepression And The Mindset Of Those Who Are Afflicted2225 Words   |  9 PagesUpshaw Depression and the mindset of those who are afflicted Depression Kafka Gregor Stress depression Anxiety Parasitism Death Notes Works cited When an individual has no other choice but to rely upon another for their own livelihood, feelings of inadequacy may begin to tear at his or her mental well-being. These emotions could cause him or her to see his or herself as nothing more than a parasite harming the people that care about them. Accordingly, this thought process could thenRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 3979 Words   |  16 PagesAlienation in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis written by Franz Kafka in 1915 is said to be one of the greatest literary works of all time and is seen as one of Kafka’s best and most popular works of literature. A relatively short novel; the story explains how the protagonist, Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a vermin which completely estranges him from the world even more than he already was. The plot of the novel reveals the effects this transformationRead MoreEffects of Loneliness and Isolation in the Short Stories â€Å"Metamorphosis† and â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper†1512 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of loneliness and isolation in the short stories â€Å"Metamorphosis† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† In Franz Kafka’s â€Å"Metamorphosis† and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the reader can easily see demonstrated the effects of the alienation and loneliness both of the main characters experience. The feeling of loneliness and the state of alienation leave the characters changed from who they were and manages to completelyRead MoreThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1572 Words   |  6 PagesFranz Kafka is said to be one of the most influential writers of his time. His short story ‘The Metamorphosis’ is considered to be his best work by many scholars and readers. He was a German-language writer of the 20th century who had a heavy influence on certain categories like the basic concepts or ideas involved in any human alive, like the significance of a personal experience in an individual’s life, the various responsibilities that are there on one’s shoulders and the demands that we makeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesglOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women 61 Questions for Review 62 Experiential Exercise Feeling Excluded 62 Ethical Dilemma Board Quotas 62 Case Incident 1 The Flynn Effect 63 Case Incident 2 Increasing Age Diversity in the Workplace 64 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Attitudes 70 What Are the Main Components of Attitudes? 70 †¢ Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes? 71 †¢ What Are the Major Job Attitudes

Practice for Enrolled Nurses Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.c

Question: Discuss about the Practice for Enrolled Nurses. Answer: Introduction Scope of practice for enrolled nurses denotes the task that they are authorized or has the knowledge to undertake. Its importance includes ensuring enrolled nurses practice and offer services that they are competent on and thus, providing effective care. In so doing, the nursing board has come up with a decision-making framework for use by enrolled nurses (Gill et al., 2012). Additionally, enrolled nurses educational attainment, authority and competency help to perform given tasks. Lastly, for best practices, NMBA decision-making framework sets out principles that enable enrolled nurses not to compromise safety. Scope of practice for Enrolled Nurses Enrolled nurses have broad but specified functions, activities or responsibilities and decision-making ability that they are tasked with often dependent on their profession, authority and competency (Ruth et al., 2013). This is referred to the scope of practice and determines most of their decision making. There are some factors that dictate the scope of practice among enrolled nurses. These include but are not limited to education, the wider environment, legislation, the specific setting, health needs of the given population and policy. However, coming up with decisions relating to their scope of practice, enrolled nurses are guided by decision- making tools. In particular, the scope of their practice expects them to recognize and also apply all domains in addition to the contexts of practice. Additionally, the scope must be one that guides enrolled nurses to acknowledge individual ability, for instance, skill, knowledge, and competence during the practice (Halcomb et al., 2014). La stly, enrolled nurses scope of practice is aimed at enhancing quality and safety when integrated with a method that that can manage risk. NMBA framework and its guidance to Enrolled Nurses The Board provides several pieces of advice to enrolled nurses that act as their guide. These are provided in the form of principle which forms the bases of their practice. Firstly, the board advice enrolled nurse that the main aim for decision is to meet the patients needs to enhance his or her health status (Skr, 2010). In addition to that, the board elaborates that enrolled nurses must ensure that they do not make a judgment on their own or in isolation in matters that they may be incapable of solving but rather seek consultation from team members either through collaboration or consultation (Jacob, McKenna, D'Amore, 2014). Moreover, all the decision that nurses make must be done together with the client and have to be responsible for the services provided to the client. Therefore, it requires that the practices must be backed by legislations, the level of skilled that the nurses possess or be willing and be willing to perform the task. The Importance of Competency, Education, and Authority It is known that there must be a certain level of skills, legislation or experience that must govern one in administering services. For enrolled nurses, education plays a key role in that it provides the necessary knowledge that they need to carry on with their duties (Cant, Cooper, 2010). The boards thus expect enrolled nurses to have certain qualification for them to start practicing. In addition to that, education offers nurses with the right to carry on a certain duty. According to the regulations provided by the Board, it highlights the scope of practice where one has to possess certain educational attainment (Pulcini et al., 2010). On the other hand, an enrolled nurse must be competent to perform a duty. This is because the outcome of the activity may need to be evaluated and if it falls below the expected standards, then, she or he must be held accountable for the same (Jacob, Sellick, McKenna, 2012). Lastly, having authority to either undertake or transfer duties, for enrol led nurses, authority gives them the mandate to perform a duty. Decision Making Framework and Best practice. The framework sets out principles that, when adhered to, helps enrolled nurses to maintain and achieve best patients outcome. Firstly, the board recommends that all decision must be made in a careful manner that enhances health outcome (Hayes, Bonner, Pryor, 2010). It can be done through comprehensive evaluation of the womans health needs. Secondly, the decision ought to be based on justifiable and be supported by thorough acknowledgment of specific regulations or professional requirements that are applicable (Lubbe, Roets, 2014). Another thing that ensures best practice is that all the people in the organization, which includes the manager, health practitioners or midwives share responsibility in ensuring that there is a safe environment for the working of people, or that there is continuance education for health workers to improve their skills and competency especially in emerging issues (McMullan, Jones, Lea, 2010). Lastly, decision-making process helps in analyzing shortage of staff, the risk and quality management or whether professional standards are adhered to by enrolled nurses. These are some of the many ways that help in maintaining best and quality practice for patients. Conclusion Thus, it is evident that the scope of practice for enrolled nurses in important and tries to elaborate on the roles or rather, their area of specialization. Moreover, NMBA provides guidance that helps enrolled nurses to base most of their decisions. In addition to that, in nursing, just like in any other profession enrolled nurses must have requisite education, competency, and authority to carry on a specific task. Lastly, decision-making framework sets out principles that help in maintaining the best health care practice for enrolled nurses. References Cant, R. P., Cooper, S. J. (2010). Simulation?based learning in nurse education: systematic review.Journal of advanced nursing,66(1), 3-15. Gill, F. J., Leslie, G. D., Grech, C., Latour, J. M. (2012). A review of critical care nursing staffing, education and practice standards. Australian Critical Care, 25(4), 224-237. Halcomb, E. J., Salamonson, Y., Davidson, P. M., Kaur, R., Young, S. A. (2014). The evolution of nursing in Australian general practice: a comparative analysis of workforce surveys ten years on. BMC family practice, 15(1), 52. Hayes, B., Bonner, A. N. N., Pryor, J. (2010). Factors contributing to nurse job satisfaction in the acute hospital setting: a review of recent literature.Journal of Nursing Management,18(7), 804-814. Jacob, E. R., McKenna, L., D'Amore, A. (2014). Comparisons of the educational preparation of registered and enrolled nurses in Australia: The educators' perspectives. Nurse education in practice, 14(6), 648-653. Jacob, E., Sellick, K., McKenna, L. (2012). Australian registered and enrolled nurses: Is there a difference?. International journal of nursing practice, 18(3), 303-307. Lubbe, J. C., Roets, L. (2014). Nurses scope of practice and the implication for quality nursing care. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 46(1), 58-64. McMullan, M., Jones, R., Lea, S. (2010). Patient safety: numerical skills and drug calculation abilities of nursing students and registered nurses.Journal of advanced nursing,66(4), 891-899. Pulcini, J., Jelic, M., Gul, R., Loke, A. Y. (2010). An international survey on advanced practice nursing education, practice, and regulation.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,42(1), 31-39. Ruth Jacob, E., Barnett, A., Sellick, K., McKenna, L. (2013). Scope of practice for Australian enrolled nurses: Evolution and practice issues. Contemporary nurse, 45(2), 155-163. Skr, R. (2010). The meaning of autonomy in nursing practice.Journal of clinical nursing,19(15?16), 2226-2234.

Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 Essay Example

Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 Essay Adriana Calderon April 28, 2011 Ethnic Study 1 Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 The new US Government was careful not to antagonize the Indians and sought to treat them with mutual respect. This is evidenced in early treaties where the term â€Å"Red Brothers† was used to convey this sentiment of equality. By 1800 interaction between the Indian and white settlers had become quite common through trade. Many Indians traded for household goods, traps and tools. The US became concerned about the cultural differences and sought to improve the Indian station in life by providing education. The United States no longer feared the Indian but rather took a paternal position toward the Indians and the treaty language reflected this when the Indian was referred to as â€Å"Our Red Children. † The US Constitution via Article I section gives the Federal Government dominant power over states in policy making; the congress shall have the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes. The Constitution further enumerates these powers denied to the states in Article I section x. The state of Georgia challenged the federal government’s power over states rights, a precursor to the Civil War, when it challenged the trust relationship and the autonomy of the Cherokee. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall in three decisions (Marshall Trilogy) upheld the United States’ federal power, defined the responsibility of the doctrine of federal trust, and clarified the sovereignty of Indian nations: Johnson v McIntosh 1823, Cherokee v Georgia 1831, Worcester v Georgia 1832. The new government wanted to keep peace with the Indians and used trade as its device. We will write a custom essay sample on Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It was hoped that the interaction between the white settlers and Indians would create a dependence of the Indian for white goods and soothe the tensions of the white settlers through familiarity via social interaction. President George Washington proposed government regulated and operated trading houses. The Government Trading Act of April 18, 1796 was established for carrying on a liberal trade with the several Indian nations, within the limits of the United States. This act restricted trade exclusively through government agents; anyone else was subject to fines. It as hoped independent and illegal trade with the Indians would be unprofitable and a deterrent to independent and foreign white traders as the Government Trading Houses were very competitive. The new government placed Indian affairs under the jurisdiction of the War Department. In this way the government could police, protect, and regulate trade and commerce with the Indian tribes. The treaties, doctrines, and Congression al acts affected the lives of Indian tribes within the limits of the United States. Many of the Cherokee in Georgia assimilated to the white man’s way of life. Chief William McIntosh, an extreme example, was a slave holding plantation owner who lived in a two story Federalist style mansion. The trading houses allowed many Indians such as the Cherokee and Seminole Creek to acquire such things as colorful cloth that was permanently incorporated into their dress. Household cooking utensils, hunting rifles, along with the technology for logging and agriculture was attractive to many Indians and they soon settled into log cabins and communities that mirrored many white settlements. Other Indians preferred to remain hunters and gathers and fur trade became their means of barter. The new country was difficult to police and fraud prospered. Both government and non-government trading houses started the illegal trade in liquor. The interaction between the white man and Indian introduced new words and technologies into each other’s culture. The white man absorbed the snowshoe, canoe, tobacco, and corn whereas the Indian absorbed the rifle, the kettle, and many household items into their culture. Some Indians adopted Christianity. The Civilization Fund Act (March 3, 1819) was enacted when The United States government became increasingly concerned with the education of the Indian tribes in contact with white settlements and encourage activities of benevolent societies in providing schools for the Indians and authorized an annual ‘civilization fund’ to stimulate and promote this work. With many Indians assimilating into the white culture a change in white attitude toward the Indian heralded a new era of Indian relations. As a result of the War of 1812 the government trading houses suffered economically and private trading interests succeeded in bringing about the abolition of this institution via an act of Congress May 6, 1822. Trade by unscrupulous individuals flourished though the US Government enacted several regulation measures. Pressure of immigrants wanting to settle on Indian land increased and Indian tribes sought resolution on title and real estate issues with the Supreme Court based on their status as a foreign nation. The Marshall Trilogy Decisions clarified the status of the Indian nations in respect to the United States. With increased litigation and policy in Indian affairs Secretary of War John C Calhoun created the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the War Department March 11, 1824. The issue of Indian Removal increased as Georgia pressed the federal government to hold to its promise of April 24, 1802, in which the United States had agreed to extinguish the Indian land titles in the state as soon as it could be done peaceably and on reasonable terms in exchange for the state’s western land claims. President James Monroe believed that the land belonged to the Indians by binding treaties. He personally did not agree with Georgia’s claim but did propose a voluntary removal policy as the best solution in a letter to Congress January 27, 1825. The issue did not go away; the rich farm lands of the Cherokee and gold in the Georgia hills fueled the removal movement. President Andrew Jackson, an infamous Indian fighter, in his First Annual Address to Congress in December of 1829 let it be known that he was firmly committed to the removal of the eastern tribes to a region west of the Mississippi River. On May 28, 1830 The Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress after months of bitter debate not only in Congress but in the press. This act did not authorize enforced removal of any Indians, but merely gave the President power to initiate land exchanges with Indian nations residing within the states or territories. However the Indians chose not to move and force was necessary. The Cherokee population numbered in the thousands and a gradual removal was planned; but when gold was discovered on Cherokee land the removal was hastened. During the autumn and winter of 1838 the last of the eastern tribes were rounded up and detained in concentration camps before being forced marched west. This March which took the life of one in four Indians is commonly referred to as the â€Å"Trail of Tears. † During this period the United States was engaged in a civil war that tested the Union. Its military might was improved and after the civil war the government used this might to control the increased Indian hostilities in the West. Manifest Destiny seemed confirmed as a basic truth and the fate of the Plains Indians was secured with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railway May 10, 1869 in Promontory Point, Utah. The removal and relocation had tremendous consequences for many of the eastern tribes. The Choctaw, Cherokee, and Creeks were removed to Oklahoma along with numerous other tribes. Their physical and ecological environment was different. The land was unfamiliar and they were forced to live with other tribes that could not speak their language or understand their customs and traditions; some of these were natural enemies. Hunters and gathers had to become farmers. They were often short-changed by the unscrupulous traders increasing their dependence on the United States Government for subsistence. These tribes lost their autonomy as the Bureau of Indian Affairs replaced their council governments. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was more concerned with the assimilation of Indians and less interested in preserving the traditional way of life of Indians. Boarding schools were built to educate the children in the white dominant culture. Traditions and knowledge of the homeland and culture were kept alive by elders secretly. Many of the removed eastern tribes adopted Christianity through forced acculturation via the education of the children. The Plains Indians were forced to submit to reservation life as the buffalo, their means of subsistence, was eradicated largely in part by the railroad industry. By 1870 much of what is referred to now as the Continental Forty-Eight was dominated by the white man. The Sioux, Cheyenne, and Apache tribes would continue to struggle for another twenty years but the railroad and the loss of the buffalo marked the end of the second period. Next was the beginning of a third period of Native American relations with the United States Government, one of forced assimilation. This period began with the end of the more infamous Indian wars and the capture, surrender, or death of such notable personalities: Cochise and Geronimo of the Apaches, Little Wolf and Dull Knife of the Northern Cheyenne, and Crazy Horse, Red Cloud, Sitting Bull and Black Elk of the Sioux. Nothing incensed the American attitude toward the Native Indian as the defeat (massacre) of General George Custer and his troops at Little Bighorn Creek. The United States Army, thirsting for revenge, the country north and west of the Black Hills, killing Indians wherever they could be found, Though Indian military resistance had be contained, the massacre of 230 Sioux at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation Dec. 28, 1890 marked the end of Indian independence. The US quit making treaties with Indians because it was viewed as an impediment to the assimilation of Indians. Because of humanitarian attacks upon the treaty system and the objections of the House of Representatives to the concentration of authority for dealing with the Indians in the hands of the Senate through its treaty-making power, Congress in 1871, in an obscure rider to the Indian appropriation bill, outlawed further treaty making with Indian tribes. Shortly thereafter the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Francis A. Walker, assigned Indian agencies to religious societies primarily to advance the moral and religious character of the Indians in November 1872. By doing so the US government was removed as the initial contact. The political nomination to the office of agent was removed and placed in the hands to those interested only in good will. In essence Indian tribes had no forum of direct interaction with the US Government. The Dawes Act of 1887 reflected the forced assimilation views of those who would reform Indian Policy. This act dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved themselves like good white settlers, they would get full title to their holdings, as well as citizenship in twenty-five years. Congress via the Indian citizenship Act, June 2, 1924 granted citizenship to all Indians born within the United States who were not yet citizens. Since war, disease, and starvation reduced Indian populations, the excess reservation land that was not allotted was reacquired by the US Government and sold to railroads and white settlers. The federal government allocated the proceeds from the sale of these lands to be used to educate and civilize the native people. This period of assimilation and allotment affected the lives of Native Americans more than any other period. The violent conflicts between the Indian tribes and the US military reduced tribal populations. The termination of treaties reduced tribal status to something less than nation status. By not having treaty making power tribes lost effective negotiation power with the US Government. The Dawes Act served to destroy both the reservation system and tribal organization. The Dawes Act tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians by making them farmers. The Dawes Act removed nearly fifty percent of Native American land from Indian tribes and accelerated the already rapid loss of traditional Indian culture. The religious controlled agencies were instrumental in separating the children from their tribes, teaching these children English and indoctrinating them with white values and customs. For the next fifty years The Dawes Act served as the government’s official Indian policy.